International cooperation is under pressure from nationalism, polarization, and declining trust.

Climate change represents one of the clearest examples of international failure.

The global order is shifting from unipolar dominance toward a more fragmented and competitive multipolar landscape.

Global inequality is not simply the result of economic differences; it is structured through historical exploitation and modern power relations.

The international system is often described as rules-based, cooperative, and guided by shared values, but this description collapses under scrutiny.